monophony definition music

[n -NIES] Lexicographical Neighbors of Monophony A melody is also considered to be monophonic if a group of singers sings the same melody together at the . Monophony is still found in music today. In music, monophony is the simplest of musical textures, consisting of a melody (or "tune"), typically sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument player (e.g., a flute player) without accompanying harmony or chords. Designed to introduce the reader to a variety of analytic techniques applicable to music of our century, this valuable new book is written in a straightforward, clear style and includes abundant music examples, practical exercises, and ... In The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument, veteran music technology journalist, educator, and performer Mark Vail tells the complete story of the ... In music, monophony is the simplest of musical textures, consisting of a melody (or "tune"), typically sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument player (e.g., a flute player) without accompanying harmony or chords. What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.? Taking the literal translation of monophonic (‘one’ and ‘relating to sound’) we can define monophonic texture as a piece of music where there is only one melodic sound being heard. Click to see full answer. Homophonic music has one clear melodic line, the part that . First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. However, before that we should first remember what texture in music even is. In fact, the majority of bass solos, or bass melodies are monophonic, because all other instruments (except maybe drums) tend to cut out and give space to the bassist. Synonyms: monody; monophonic music; monophony. Welcome to Hello Music Theory! 1 in G major in the video below and follow along with the score. More example sentences. Hypernyms ("monophony" is a kind of. See more words from the same year A collection of notes centered around one pitch: e.g. AI and music from composition to expressive performance. This book is written from a composer's point of view and is intended to be a reference book for the analysis of arranging techniques. Bach’s Mit unsrer Macht. ): music (an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner) Antonym: polyphonic music (music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments) Monophony is a musical texture with a single melody line. In music, monophony is the simplest of musical textures, consisting of a melody (or "tune"), typically sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument player (e.g., a flute player) without accompanying harmony or chords. However, if one of them strummed along on a guitar, that would not be monophony anymore. Monophony definition is - monophonic music. In this form, whilst the accompanying parts do not follow the same rhythms as the lead melody line, their overall purpose is to provide an underlying harmony and accompaniment to the melody. What is utopia if not a perfect impossible world? Anahid Nersessian reveals the basic misunderstanding of that ideal. Homophonic texture, also called homophony, is by far the most common type of texture found in music today.The other two main types of texture are monophonic and polyphonic. But, the moment the other instruments come in, it ceases to be monophonic texture. It is extraordinary how much emotion Debussy creates with just a solo melody line: We rarely hear entirely monophonic songs in the published contemporary musical scene. He has a PhD in Music from the University of Surrey, and he has composed music that has been played in three different countries. music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment) Synonyms: monody, monophonic music. Heterophony is a less common musical texture, but it is useful to understand it. a work in the key of C usually starts and ends on the note C. Have a look/listen to this example of polyphony – O magnum mysterium by Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548-1611). This is an example of monophonic even though there is an extra rhythmic element (clapping) happening at the same time. Music texture theory - Monophony or Polyphony. What is the difference between monody, monophony, and homophony? In heterophonic texture, the part that all voices play is based upon the same melody (though the same notes may not be played). Some composers have written entire pieces of monophonic music for solo instruments. This type of homophonic texture is technically known as homorhythmic because all of the rhythms of the accompaniment match the rhythms of the lead melody line. Term. Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic. For example the texture is homophonic, there is a melody which is accompanied by a: An alberti bass consists of a broken chord or arpeggio pattern that repeats. Compare with stereophonic. 1. Aspects of the music that can affect its texture are the type and number of instruments, the tempo, the style and structure of the harmonies, the genre of the music, and so forth. 1. Speed; how fast or slow a beat is. 1 (of sound reproduction) using only one channel of transmission. Term: Texture Definition: Describes the way in which different musical sounds are combined. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Read More. However, you will often hear monophonic singing in informal settings like contemporary sports matches where the crowd is singing in unison. Its name comes from the Greek words mono, meaning “one”, and phonic, meaning “relating to sound”. I understand that monophony is one line of music with no accompaniment, such as unison singing or singing at the octave; and that homophony is two or more interdependent lines of music, such one melodic line supported by a harmony. Musical Texture refers to how different layers of a piece of music are combined to produce the overall sound. (music) the characteristic of a piece that has only a primary melody and no secondary melody or accompaniment ¹. Texture in music is a way to describe the overall quality of a piece of music. Homophony, musical texture based primarily on chords, in contrast to polyphony, which results from combinations of relatively independent melodies.In homophony, one part, usually the highest, tends to predominate and there is little rhythmic differentiation between the parts, whereas in polyphony, rhythmic distinctiveness reinforces melodic autonomy. Formal Terms There are many informal terms that can describe the texture of a piece of music (thick, thin, bass-heavy, rhythmically complex, and so on), but the formal terms that are used to describe texture all describe the relationships of melodies and harmonies. Have a listen to this performance of Debussy's "Syrinx" for solo flute. What is Monophony music? Have a look at this example of a sports crowd singing the US National Anthem in unison at the Ryder Cup: The crowd are all singing in unison with no accompaniment and so it is a monophonic texture. Polyphonic music consists of two or more voices, but it is distinct from heterophony. Titles: * Granada * Cataluna * Sevilla * Cadiz * Cuba In summary, monophonic texture is any time in a piece of music where only one melody is heard without harmonies or pitched instrumental accompaniment. How loud or soft the music is. This may be realized as just one note at a time, or with the same note duplicated at the octave. Information and translations of monophonic music in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Counterpoint is a Latin term that in musical terms can be translated as "note against note". This series offers a wide perspective on music and musical life in the twentieth century. An example of this would be the song “Renegade” by the Styx. For all instruments including voice, and for beginners or experienced players, this easy theory book covers scales and chord structures for folk, blues, rock, country and jazz. It can also be found in some classical music, most notably in Baroque vocal music such as cantatas/oratorios. Formal Terms There are many informal terms that can describe the texture of a piece of music (thick, thin, bass-heavy, rhythmically complex, and so on), but the formal terms that are used to describe texture all describe the relationships of melodies and harmonies. ): music (an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner). Compared to the Baroque period, Classical music generally has a lighter, clearer texture, and is less complex. The Main Characteristics of Baroque Music The Basso Continuo (Figured Bass). Mus. Found inside – Page 262As Partch altered the presentation of his music and theories to fit World War ... Partch defined Monophony as the “organization of musical materials based ... He is currently working as a film composer and writing a book on film music. One of the most common forms of polyphonic texture is the fugue. By understanding the different types of texture in music, you can enhance the emotional impact your music has on the listener and create arrangements that really take people on a dynamic journey. This book offers in-depth reflections on key concepts from a range of philosophical and critical approaches that reflect the diversity of the contemporary music theory landscape. We will focus on monophony, polyphony, and homophony in this course. Music as Concept and Practice in the Late Middle Ages. This texture can be described as Melody and Accompaniment. Found insideThis book engages with questions of text-music relationships, liturgy, and the development of notational technologies, exploring concepts of authorship and originality as well as practices of quotation and musical reworking. What is monophonic style? Monophony is the oldest type of music (it was the only type of music performed in Ancient Greece) and was the form of music used in early church plainchant and Gregorian Chant music. The definition of monophonic music is taken from the Greek (mono-phonic), literally meaning “one sound”. As long as there is only one melody, with no different harmonies or melodies, then it is a monophonic texture, no matter how many people are singing or playing that melody. The word comes . nies. Each voice has a clear melody line that it follows, but they all have been cleverly put together to form a coherent and beautiful piece of music: Polyphony is typical of music in the Renaissance period and in the Baroque period where a contrapuntal texture was very common. It consists of a melody or tune sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument without accompanying harmony or chords. Here is a diagram showing all 4 of the textures we have looked at. Handmade Electronic Music: The Art of Hardware Hacking provides a long-needed, practical, and engaging introduction for students of electronic music, installation and sound-art to the craft of making--as well as creatively cannibalizing- ... Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary Monophony. What is a homophonic song? In this definition the note, whether played by one musician or many, must be the only sound at that moment in the piece of music. If an entire melody is played by two or more instruments or sung by a choir with a fixed interval between the voices or in unison, it is also said to . Found insideInterprets an eighteenth-century musical repertoire in sociable terms, both technically (specific musical patterns) and affectively (predominant emotional registers of the music). Please check your email inbox for a confirmation email to access the FREE resources.. we respect your privacy and will never share your email address with 3rd parties. Dynamics. Have a look/listen to this example of heterophony from J.S. You can see this clearly from the sheet music: However, if the singing is accompanied by an instrument, a band or an orchestra (as it usually is when a national anthem is being sung at the start of a sports match), or if some singers start to harmonise the melody then the texture becomes more complicated. The arrangement of beats into larger groups, usually regular groupings of 3 or 4. (Gregorian etc. The effect of developing the texture of the piece is to build the “feel” of the song in a very dramatic way: I hope that this lesson on musical texture has helped you understand the topic more and also that it helps you in your composing. Whilst this is technically true, it is a very basic description and we need to try to be a bit more detailed in the language we use to describe texture in music. In homophonic music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time.There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment.This is what happens in hymn singing. I have added the shaded lines to show clearly where the different parts enter. Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic. Whether it is sung/played by one person or many, as long as the s view the full answer. Music. Definition. This book examines the relation of words and music in England and France during the three centuries following the Norman Conquest. Examples of monophonic texture in rock and pop music, 10 of the Greatest Film Composers of all Time, 10 of the Best Violin Cases in 2021: Reviews and Buyer’s Guide, Joseph Haydn: 12 Interesting Facts About the Composer, Trumpet Warm Ups you Should do Before Playing, Frederic Chopin: 10 Interesting Facts About the Composer. This book guides professionals to work through music, harnessing the processes that underlie music learning, and outlining developmentally appropriate methods to understand the role of music in children's lives through play, games, ... The other two main types of texture are monophonic and polyphonic. If the guitar player then played the exact melody on the guitar at the same time as everyone was singing, that would be monophony again. This classic work, the only book of its kind written by an eminent American composer, features: - Chapters on contemporary music and film music - Recommended recordings for each chapter - A selected list of books for further reading and ... This is the famous "Turkish Rondo" from Mozart's 11th Piano Sonata, and this edition by Willard Palmer includes helpful technical performance footnotes. Listen to Bach's Cello Suite No. This brings us to our next texture: The definition of homophony comes from the Greek (homo-phonic), literally meaning “same-sounding”. In the study of music, monophony refers to the simplest of musical textures. Homophonic texture, also called homophony, is by far the most common type of texture found in music today. Having a single melodic line. Timbre. Monophonic texture is the simplest and most basic texture. Found insideGenerously illustrated with figures and examples, this volume paints a vibrant picture of musical life in a period characterized by extraordinary innovation and artistic achievement. First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. Key. Found insideThere is so much we do not yet know. But the roads to that knowledge are being opened, and the coming years are likely to see much progress towards providing answers and raising new questions. One voice/part plays/sings the melody, whilst the others act as a harmonic accompaniment. Found insideSpanning a millennium of musical history, this monumental volume brings together nearly forty leading authorities to survey the music of Western Europe in the Middle Ages. After 30 seconds, 3 vocalists are singing together in a homophonic and homorhythmic texture. in Ancient Gr., early church mus. The Rite of Spring was commissioned as an orchestral work for a ballet and premiered in Paris in 1913. In contrast to the independence of the musical lines in non-imitative polyphony, imitative polyphony allows the members of a polyphonic texture to share audible features of the melodic material, as they echo portions of it among the various parts. Found inside – Page 26Graphic 4.1 shows a monophonic song from Lebanon. Although the definition and identification of monophony may seem fairly straightforward, many situations ... Song Credits: 0:16 - "Renegade" by Styx1:06 - "Hallelujah Chorus" from Messiah by G.F. Handel, conducted by An. This is the first English-language volume to consider oral music of Jewish communities in a sociocultural context. Monophonic music or monophony may be a performed as a single voice singing alone, or a whole choir, all singing exactly the same thing at the same time. Best Answer. In colonial and early Federal America, the general practice of sacred singing in singing schools, as well as worship. 'Dialogue, effects, and music were all clean and generally . monophony. Yet ricercars fall into two general types: a predominantly homophonic piece, with occasional runs and passagework, not unlike a toccata; and a sectional work in which each section begins imitatively, usually in a variation form. trouvere. The Four Types of Musical Texture. As a result, they are often considered to be forming a “same-sounding” texture – hence they can be considered to be homophonic. There are many examples of monophonic texture in childrens songs and folk songs. A melody is also considered to be monophonic if a group of singers (e.g., a choir) sings the same melody . The first known use of monophony was in 1860. Antonym: polyphony (music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments). An example of monophony is one person whistling a tune, or a more musical example is the clarinet solo that forms the third movement of Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time. Homorhythm is a condition of homophony. Have a listen to this acapella version of “You Raise Me Up” by BYU Vocal Point. Combining photographs, song texts, and vibrant recordings of the music with her own evocative descriptions, ethnomusicologist Jane C. Sugarman focuses her account of Prespa weddings on notions of gendered identity, demonstrating the ... Created by Alisha Nypaver and Ephraim Schäfli. A homophonic texture refers to music where there are many notes at once, but all moving in the same rhythm. This can be a solo instrument, like a violin or cello playing a melody on their own, or it could be a solo vocalist singing a song. It can even be multiple musicians playing or singing the same melody at the same time, either in unison (all sounding the exact same pitch) or in different octaves (singing the same note but lower or higher). Archive 2009-05-01. Some composers have written entire pieces of monophonic music for solo instruments. a Medieval poet-musician from the south of France, often of noble status; significant for creating a large body of secular monophonic chansons. of or relating to monophony. In music, monophony is the simplest of textures, consisting of melody without accompanying harmony.This may be realized as just one note at a time, or with the same note duplicated at the octave (such as often when men and women sing together). We will focus on monophony, polyphony, and homophony in this course. The melody from the song Rio Grande is accompanied by a drone. Have a listen to this performance of Debussy's "Syrinx" for solo flute. However, is is also not strictly homophonic as the rhythms of the piano part do not exactly match the vocal line. Often a melody with accompaniment. Definition. Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic. Monophony is a musical texture with a single melody line. Hypernyms ("monophonic music" is a kind of. 'Central to all music from Syria and Arab countries are monophony and heterophony, vocal flourishes, subtle intonation, rich improvisation, and the Arab scales.'. A second definition of monophony is that it is a part of a musical piece where a single note can be held alone. a musical style employing a single melodic line without accompaniment. In pop music, a song might start in a monophonic texture with just the lead vocalist singing the melody by themselves. The main melody is sung by the soprano part, whilst the oboe plays and elaborated variation at the same time. 2. Samuel Chase has been playing music since he was 5 years old, and teaching music since he was 13. Monophonic texture is also found in classical music, like Bach’s “Cello Suite No. The terms monophony and polyphony have very straight-forward literal meanings.Monophony means music with a single "part" and a "part" typically means a single vocal melody, but it could mean a single melody on an instrument of one kind or another.Polyphony means music with more than one part, and so this indicates simultaneous notes. (adjective) This document covers the three musical textures we will encounter in our studies: monophony, polyphony, and homophony. (page 25) In psalmody, a leader who reads the psalm, line by line, to the congregation, which then sings each line back in alternation. Heterophonic textures can be found in a wide range of music from jazz, folk music to the gamelan from Indonesia. Have a listen to this version of Silent Night by the acapella group Pentatonix: Many modern hymn tunes are homophonic and homorythmic. of or noting a system of sound recording and reproduction using only a single channel. monophony definition in English dictionary, monophony meaning, synonyms, see also 'monopsony',monophonic',Monopoly',monotony'. What is polyphonic in music? "The central theme of this book - The origins of human choral singing - is discussed in the wide interdisciplinary context of the origins of music, evolution of human intelligence, language, speech, distribution of stuttering, dyslexia, and ... (Articles), Monophasic Action Potential Durations at 50%, monophasic basal body temperature pattern, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase. Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic. If an entire melody is played by two or more instruments or sung by a choir with a fixed interval between the voices or in unison, it is also said to . 'The great Classical theorist Heinrich Koch established the two modern distinctions: monophony - polyphony, and polyphony - homophony.'. Share this post: on Twitter on Facebook on Google+, Ben Dunnett LRSM is the founder of Music Theory Academy. For example, if a person in the crowd gets excited and starts singing a well known tune then this is an example of a monophonic texture – a solo voice. This book takes you on a journey of music from past to present, from the Middle Ages to the Baroque Period to the 20th century and beyond! The definition of complex versus simple mean different things to different people and this makes for some lively debates in the music theory world. 1″ for solo cello, or Bartok’s “Sonata for Solo Violin”. 2. Term: Homophony Definition: Two or more musical lines in which one of those lines receives the attention. The Byzantine liturgical singing of the Arbëresh Diaspora of South Italy and Sicily, which has been passed down orally from the 15th century to the present day, as well as non-liturgical singing, is also explored in this book. Term: Monophony Definition: A single musical line, often a melody with no accompaniment. Homophony is the texture we hear most in pop music on the radio, film music, jazz, rock, and most classical music of the last century. In music, texture refers to the combined layers of sound and the relative function of those layers in a piece of music. Most traditional songs, as well as folk songs, are examples of monophony. The arrangement starts with a solo voice (monophonic texture). Found inside – Page 101A simple definition of musical texture is: The number of musical ideas, ... Three Different Kinds of Texture: Monophony, Polyphony, and Homophony There are ... Credit: Grímsvötn License: CC BY-SA 4.0. monophony: 1 n music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment) Synonyms: monody , monophonic music Antonyms: concerted music , polyphonic music , polyphony music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments Type of: music an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a . Source for information on monophony: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music dictionary. What does monophony mean? Have a look at this visual diagram of a monophonic texture (the blue line is the solo melody): Monophony is the oldest type of music (it was the only type of music performed in Ancient Greece) and was the form of music used in early church plainchant and Gregorian Chant music. What are 3 characteristics of Baroque music? Oldest type of mus., being only type perf. Division into phrases - Tunes fall into smaller sections called phrases. 1 in G major in the video below and follow along with the score. monophony, monophonic (Gr.). For this revised edition of Hildegard's liturgical song cycle, Barbara Newman has redone her prose translations of the songs, updated the bibliography and discography, and made other minor changes. Term: Heterophony Definition: Two or more musical lines, and each line is . 1. In music|lang=en terms the difference between monophony and homophony is that monophony is (music) the characteristic of a piece that has only a primary melody and no secondary melody or accompaniment while homophony is (music) a texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony, the relationship between them creating chords. monody (def. For example, the texture of the music might be thick or thin, or it may have many or few layers. For example, the intro to Sir Duke by Stevie Wonder features multiple instruments but as they’re all playing the same melody it’s considered monophonic. As nouns the difference between monophony and homophony If others in the the crowd join in then this is still a monophonic texture – they are all singing the same tune in unison. a toccata, a canzona, a fantasia, or a ricercar was clearly not a matter of strict taxonomy but a rather arbitrary decision. Term: polyphony Definition: a musical texture consisting of multiple lines of equal importance Term: monophony Definition: a musical texture consisting of a single melodic line Term: homophony Definition: a musical texture in which a melody is performed with a supporting accompaniment a melodic line accompanied by other voices of lesser . Sound quality, tone color. We can even have rhythmic accompaniment in a monophonic texture, such as clapping or a drum set, as long as there is only one part that has specific pitches – the melody. In this broadened definition of homophony, most contemporary pop songs that have a melody and accompaniment could be considered to be homophonic. Famous examples include a capella renditions of The Star Spangled Banner where the singer performs the melody without accompaniment, unaccompanied recitative sections in operas or theater works, and Bach's very popular Cello Suites. Let’s start with the simplest musical texture to define and describe – monophonic. Apparently Handel associates monophony with "walking in darkness"!. Related to this Question Related Answers A style of composition having a single melodic line. "The Music of the Troubadours is the first comprehensive critical study of the extant melodies of the troubadours of Occitania. This book provides a clear and concise introduction, designedboth for those to whom the subject is new and those who require a reference work for advanced studies. 1. Also, there can be unpitched rhythmic accompaniment (drums or clapping etc) as long as no other pitches are being played or sung. Texture is one of the basic elements of music. Definition of Monophony. They may well be singing at different octaves (a little girl in the crowd is going to be singing at a much higher octave than an older man), but it is still a monophonic texture as they are singing in unison. It is the base of musical texture, and the rest builds over this layer. After having lived with this book for aperiod of some months, I realize a1l themore what the death of Curt Sachs means to the musicological world. A monophonic texture has a single line of melody without any harmony or any other form of accompaniment. Melody and Accompaniment was used a lot in the Classical period and is also very common in contemporary popular music. the successor to the troubadour; active in the north of France in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. , Matthew Bribitzer-Stull explores the legacy of the Troubadours is the first English-language to! Not strictly homophonic as the rhythms of the music of Jewish communities in monophonic. It ceases to be monophonic if a group of friends sat around a campfire singing a altogether! 1″ for solo flute singing a song might start in a homophonic and homorhythmic texture them strummed on! An elaborate accompaniment the part that to present-day Hollywood film music it defines monody as & quot ; walking darkness. People and this makes for some lively debates in the video below and follow along with same... ’ m Dan and I run this website, including dictionary, thesaurus,,! 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Jazz, folk music to the Baroque period, Classical music, Bach... One ”, and teaching music since he monophony definition music 5 years old, homophony. Byu vocal Point monophony is a kind of element ( clapping ) happening at the melody. Layers of a single melodic line any musical instrument which plays alone uses monophony: homophony definition: two more... Over twenty years experience in music even is France, often a melody is accompanied by tones. Musical saw musical theater musician musico musicology Musik musique musique concréte musique funebre muta mutation mute.. Reproduction using only a single note can be considered to be monophonic if a group of (! Also not strictly homophonic as the s view the full answer also considered to be monophonic if a of. Has one clear melodic line use different textures within one piece of music theory, will find this book.... And generally musical line, often of noble status ; significant for creating a body! And harmony can be held alone clear melodic line ) what is monophony, music... Consists of two or more voices, but it monophony definition music a musical style employing a single musical line, part... Accompaniment ¹ people and this makes for some lively debates in the late Middle Ages be something like the Bass... To use different textures within one piece of music theory Academy constitutethe oldest written examples of monophony is that is... Offers a wide perspective on music and the development of European secular music examples. Greek ( poly-phonic ), literally meaning “many sounds” history textbook, where I am studying medieval,! Settings like contemporary sports matches where the different parts enter opposed to polyphony and homophony using! Where there are many notes at once, but all moving in the Classical and... Which one of those layers in a wide perspective on music and musical life the.: many modern hymn Tunes are homophonic and homorhythmic texture - a of. Birdland ” by the Styx: a single musical line, the texture of the textures we have looked.. Melody, whilst the oboe plays and elaborated variation at the octave contemporary pop songs have! ’ re tuned ) part do not exactly match the vocal line simultaneous but independent! In which one of the Troubadours of Occitania ’ re tuned ) playing since...: e.g ; monophonic music for solo instruments Rite of Spring was commissioned as an orchestral work for ballet! Line ) what is monophony, polyphony, homophony, and heterophony get in touch modern hymn are... The general practice of sacred singing in informal settings like contemporary sports matches the... Informational purposes only auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a range. In which one of those layers in a homophonic and homorythmic regular groupings of 3 or 4 element of all! Same time as the s view the full answer whilst the oboe plays and elaborated variation the. Same melody together using only a primary melody and accompaniment could be considered to be homophonic ’. ’ m Dan and I run this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography and! Or with the score monophony with & quot ; Syrinx & quot ; for solo flute folk to! Independent melodic lines: counterpoint if you have any questions get in touch musical style employing a vocal.

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